The purpose of this chapter is to describe motion, and now that we understand the definitions of displacement,
distance, velocity, speed and acceleration, we are ready to start using these ideas to describe how an object or
person is moving. We will look at three ways of describing motion:
words
diagrams
graphs
These methods will be described in this section.
We will consider three types of motion: when the object is not moving (stationary object), when the object is
moving at a constant velocity (uniform motion) and when the object is moving at a constant acceleration (motion at
constant acceleration).
Stationary Object (ESAHB)
The simplest motion that we can come across is that of a stationary object. A stationary object does not move
and so its position does not change.
Consider an example, Vivian is waiting for a taxi. She is standing two metres from a stop street at \(t =
\text{0}\text{ s}\). After one minute, \(t = \text{60}\text{ s}\), she is still \(\text{2}\) metres from the
stop street and after two minutes, at \(t = \text{120}\text{ s}\), she is also \(\text{2}\) metres from the stop
street. Her position has not changed. Her displacement is zero (because his position is the same), her velocity
is zero (because his displacement is zero) and her acceleration is also zero (because her velocity is not
changing).
We can now draw graphs of position vs. time (\(\vec{x}\) vs. \(t\)), velocity vs. time (\(\vec{v}\) vs. \(t\))
and acceleration vs. time (\(\vec{a}\) vs. \(t\)) for a stationary object. The graphs are shown below.
Vivian's position is \(\text{2}\) metres in the positive direction from the stop street. If the stop street is
taken as the reference point, her position remains at \(\text{2}\) metres for \(\text{120}\) seconds. The graph
is a horizontal line at \(\text{2}\) \(\text{m}\). The velocity and acceleration graphs are also shown. They are
both horizontal lines on the \(x\)-axis. Since her position is not changing, her velocity is \(\text{0}\)
\(\text{m·s$^{-1}$}\) and since velocity is not changing, acceleration is \(\text{0}\)
\(\text{m·s$^{-2}$}\).
Gradient
(Recall from Mathematics) The gradient, \(m\), of a line cna be calculated by dividing the change in the
\(y\)-value (dependent variable) by the change in the \(x\)-value (independent variable). \(m=\frac{\Delta
y}{\Delta x}\)
Since we know that velocity is the rate of change of position, we can confirm the value for the velocity vs.
time graph, by calculating the gradient of the \(\vec{x}\) vs. \(t\) graph.
The gradient of a position vs. time graph gives the average velocity, while the tangent of a position vs.
time graph gives the instantaneous velocity.
If we calculate the gradient of the \(\vec{x}\) vs. \(t\) graph for a stationary object we get:
\begin{align*}
v & = \frac{\Delta \vec{x}}{\Delta t} \\
& = \frac{\vec{x}_{f} - \vec{x}_{i}}{t_{f} - t_{i}} \\
& = \frac{\text{2}\text{ m} - \text{2}\text{ m}}{\text{120}\text{ s} - \text{60}\text{ s}} \text{ (initial
position } = \text{ final position)} \\
& = \text{0}\text{ m·s$^{-1}$} \text{ (for the time that Vivian is stationary)}
\end{align*}
Similarly, we can confirm the value of the acceleration by calculating the gradient of the velocity vs. time
graph.
The gradient of a velocity vs. time graph gives the average acceleration, while the tangent of a velocity vs.
time graph gives the instantaneous acceleration.
If we calculate the gradient of the \(\vec{v}\) vs. \(t\) graph for a stationary object we get:
Additionally, because the velocity vs. time graph is related to the position vs. time graph, we can use the
area under the velocity vs. time graph to calculate the displacement of an object.
The area under the velocity vs. time graph gives the displacement.
The displacement of the object is given by the area under the graph, which is \(\text{0}\) \(\text{m}\). This
is obvious, because the object is not moving.
Motion at constant velocity (ESAHC)
Motion at a constant velocity or uniform motion means that the position of the object is changing at
the same rate.
Assume that Vivian takes \(\text{100}\) \(\text{s}\) to walk the \(\text{100}\) \(\text{m}\) to the taxi-stop
every morning. If we assume that Vivian's house is the origin and the direction to the taxi is positive, then
Vivian's velocity is:
Vivian's velocity is \(\text{1}\) \(\text{m·s$^{-1}$}\). This means that she walked \(\text{1}\)
\(\text{m}\) in the first second, another metre in the second second, and another in the third second, and so
on. For example, after \(\text{50}\) \(\text{s}\) she will be \(\text{50}\) \(\text{m}\) from home. Her position
increases by \(\text{1}\) \(\text{m}\) every \(\text{1}\) \(\text{s}\). A diagram of Vivian's position is shown
below:
We can now draw graphs of position vs.time (\(\vec{x}\) vs. \(t\)), velocity vs. time (\(\vec{v}\) vs. \(t\))
and acceleration vs. time (\(\vec{a}\) vs. \(t\)) for Vivian moving at constant velocity. The graphs are shown
here:
In the evening Vivian walks \(\text{100}\) \(\text{m}\) from the bus stop to her house in \(\text{100}\)
\(\text{s}\). Assume that Vivian's house is the origin. The following graphs can be drawn to describe the
motion.
We see that the \(\vec{v}\) vs. \(t\) graph is a horizontal line. If the velocity vs. time graph is a
horizontal line, it means that the velocity is constant (not changing). Motion at a constant velocity
is known as uniform motion. We can use the \(\vec{x}\) vs. \(t\) graph to calculate the velocity by
finding the gradient of the line.
Vivian has a velocity of \(-\text{1}\) \(\text{m·s$^{-1}$}\), or \(\text{1}\) \(\text{m·s$^{-1}$}\)
towards her house. You will notice that the \(\vec{v}\)\(t\)\(-\text{1}\) \(\text{m·s$^{-1}$}\). The
horizontal line means that the velocity stays the same (remains constant) during the motion. This is uniform
velocity.
We can use the \(\vec{v}\) vs. \(t\) graph to calculate the acceleration by finding the gradient of the line.
Vivian has an acceleration of \(\text{0}\) \(\text{m·s$^{-2}$}\). You will notice that the graph of
\(\vec{a}\)\(t\)\(\text{0}\) \(\text{m·s$^{-2}$}\). There is no acceleration during the motion because her
velocity does not change.
We can use the \(\vec{v}\) vs. \(t\) graph to calculate the displacement by finding the area under the graph.
\begin{align*}
\Delta \vec{x} & = \text{Area under graph} \\
& = l \times b \\
& = 100(-1) \\
& = -\text{100}\text{ m}
\end{align*}
This means that Vivian has a displacement of \(\text{100}\) \(\text{m}\) towards her house.
Velocity and acceleration
Textbook Exercise 21.5
Use the graphs in Figure 21.6
to calculate each
of the following:
Calculate Vivian's velocity between \(\text{50}\) \(\text{s}\) and \(\text{100}\) \(\text{s}\)
using the \(x\) vs. \(t\) graph. Hint: Find the gradient of the line.
Calculate Vivian's acceleration during the whole motion using the \(v\) vs. \(t\) graph.
Calculate Vivian's displacement during the whole motion using the \(v\) vs. \(t\) graph.
Solution not yet available
Thandi takes \(\text{200}\) \(\text{s}\) to walk \(\text{100}\) \(\text{m}\) to the bus stop every
morning. In the evening Thandi takes \(\text{200}\) \(\text{s}\) to walk \(\text{100}\) \(\text{m}\)
from the bus stop to her home.
Draw a graph of Thandi's position as a function of time for the morning (assuming that Thandi's
home is the reference point). Use the gradient of the \(x\) vs. \(t\) graph to draw the graph of
velocity vs. time. Use the gradient of the \(v\) vs. \(t\) graph to draw the graph of acceleration
vs. time.
Draw a graph of Thandi's position as a function of time for the evening (assuming that Thandi's
home is the origin). Use the gradient of the \(x\) vs. \(t\) graph to draw the graph of velocity vs.
time. Use the gradient of the \(v\) vs. \(t\) graph to draw the graph of acceleration vs. time.
Discuss the differences between the two sets of graphs in questions 2 and 3.
Solution not yet available
Motion at constant velocity
Aim
To measure the position and time during motion at constant velocity and determine the average velocity as
the gradient of a “Position vs. Time” graph.
Apparatus
A battery operated toy car, stopwatch, meter stick or measuring tape.
Method
Work with a friend. Copy the table below into your workbook.
Complete the table by timing the car as it travels each distance.
Time the car twice for each distance and take the average value as your accepted time.
Use the distance and average time values to plot a graph of “Distance vs. Time” onto
graph paper. Stick the graph paper into your workbook. (Remember that “A vs. B”
always means “\(y\) vs. \(x\)”).
Insert all axis labels and units onto your graph.
Draw the best straight line through your data points.
Find the gradient of the straight line. This is the average velocity.
Results
Distance (m)
Time (s)
1
2
Ave.
\(\text{0}\)
\(\text{0,5}\)
\(\text{1,0}\)
\(\text{1,5}\)
\(\text{2,0}\)
\(\text{2,5}\)
\(\text{3,0}\)
Conclusions
Answer the following questions in your workbook:
Did the car travel with a constant velocity?
How can you tell by looking at the “Distance vs. Time” graph if the velocity is constant?
How would the “Distance vs. Time” graph look for a car with a faster velocity?
How would the “Distance vs. Time” graph look for a car with a slower velocity?
Motion at constant acceleration (ESAHD)
The final situation we will be studying is motion at constant acceleration. We know that acceleration
is the rate of change of velocity. So, if we have a constant acceleration, this means that the velocity changes
at a constant rate.
Let's look at our first example of Vivian waiting at the taxi stop again. A taxi arrived and Vivian got in. The
taxi stopped at the stop street and then accelerated in the positive direction as follows: After \(\text{1}\)
\(\text{s}\) the taxi covered a distance of \(\text{2,5}\) \(\text{m}\), after \(\text{2}\) \(\text{s}\) it
covered \(\text{10}\) \(\text{m}\), after \(\text{3}\) \(\text{s}\) it covered \(\text{22,5}\) \(\text{m}\) and
after \(\text{4}\) \(\text{s}\) it covered \(\text{40}\) \(\text{m}\). The taxi is covering a larger distance
every second. This means that it is accelerating.
To calculate the velocity of the taxi you need to calculate the gradient of the line at each second:
The acceleration does not change during the motion (the gradient stays constant). This is motion at constant or
uniform acceleration.
The graphs for this situation are shown below:
Velocity from acceleration vs. time graphs
Just as we used velocity vs. time graphs to find displacement, we can use acceleration vs. time graphs to
find the velocity of an object at a given moment in time. We simply calculate the area under the acceleration
vs. time graph, at a given time. In the graph below, showing an object at a constant positive acceleration,
the increase in velocity of the object after \(\text{2}\) seconds corresponds to the shaded portion.
\begin{align*}
v = \text{ area of rectangle } & = a\times \Delta t \\
& = \text{5}\text{ m·s$^{-2}$} \times \text{2}\text{ s} \\
& = \text{10}\text{ m·s$^{-1}$}
\end{align*}
The velocity of the object at \(t = \text{2}\text{ s}\) is therefore \(\text{10}\)
\(\text{m·s$^{-1}$}\).
Summary of graphs (ESAHE)
The relation between graphs of position, velocity and acceleration as functions of time is summarised in the
next figure.
Stationary object
Uniform motion
Motion with constant acceleration
Figure 21.7: Position-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time graphs.
You will also often be required to draw graphs based on a description of the motion in words or from a diagram.
Remember that these are just different methods of presenting the same information. If you keep in mind the
general shapes of the graphs for the different types of motion, there should not be any difficulty with
explaining what is happening.
The description of the motion represented by a graph should include the following (where possible):
whether the object is moving in the positive or negative direction
whether the object is at rest, moving at constant velocity or moving at constant positive acceleration
(speeding up) or constant negative acceleration (slowing down)
Position versus time using a ticker timer
Aim
To measure the position and time during motion and to use that data to plot a “Position vs.
Time” graph.
Work with a friend. Copy the table below into your workbook.
Attach a length of tape to the trolley.
Run the other end of the tape through the ticker timer.
Start the ticker timer going and roll the trolley down the ramp.
Repeat steps 1–3.
On each piece of tape, measure the distance between successive dots. Note these distances in the table
below.
Use the frequency of the ticker timer to work out the time intervals between successive dots. Note
these times in the table below,
Work out the average values for distance and time.
Use the average distance and average time values to plot a graph of “Distance vs. Time”
onto graph paper. Stick the graph paper into your workbook. (Remember that “A vs.
B” always means “\(y\) vs. \(x\)”).
Insert all axis labels and units onto your graph.
Draw the best straight line through your data points.
Results
Distance (m)
Time (s)
1
2
Ave.
1
2
Ave.
Discussion
Describe the motion of the trolley down the ramp.
Worked examples (ESAHF)
The worked examples in this section demonstrate the types of questions that can be asked about graphs.
Worked example 3: Description of motion based on a position-time graph
The position vs. time graph for the motion of a car is given below. Draw the corresponding velocity vs.
time and acceleration vs. time graphs, and then describe the motion of the car.
Identify what information is given and what is asked for
The question gives a position vs. time graph and the following three things are required:
Draw a \(v\) vs. \(t\) graph.
Draw an \(a\) vs. \(t\) graph.
Describe the motion of the car.
To answer these questions, break the motion up into three sections: 0 – \(\text{2}\) seconds,
\(\text{2}\) – \(\text{4}\) seconds and \(\text{4}\) – \(\text{6}\) seconds.
Velocity vs. time graph for \(\text{0}\) – \(\text{2}\) seconds
For the first \(\text{2}\) seconds we can see that the position (and hence the displacement) remains
constant - so the object is not moving, thus it has zero velocity during this time. We can reach this
conclusion by another path too: remember that the gradient of a displacement vs. time graph is the velocity.
For the first \(\text{2}\) seconds we can see that the displacement vs. time graph is a horizontal line,
i.e.. it has a gradient of zero. Thus the velocity during this time is zero and the object is stationary.
Velocity vs. time graph for \(\text{2}\) – \(\text{4}\) seconds
For the next \(\text{2}\) seconds, displacement is increasing with time so the object is moving. Looking at
the gradient of the displacement graph we can see that it is not constant. In fact, the slope is getting
steeper (the gradient is increasing) as time goes on. Thus, remembering that the gradient of a displacement
vs. time graph is the velocity, the velocity must be increasing with time during this phase.
Velocity vs. time graph for \(\text{4}\) – \(\text{6}\) seconds
For the final \(\text{2}\) seconds we see that displacement is still increasing with time, but this time
the gradient is constant, so we know that the object is now travelling at a constant velocity, thus the
velocity vs. time graph will be a horizontal line during this stage. We can now draw the graphs:
So our velocity vs. time graph looks like this one below. Because we haven't been given any values on the
vertical axis of the displacement vs. time graph, we cannot figure out what the exact gradients are and
therefore what the values of the velocities are. In this type of question it is just important to show
whether velocities are positive or negative, increasing, decreasing or constant.
Once we have the velocity vs. time graph its much easier to get the acceleration vs. time graph as we know
that the gradient of a velocity vs. time graph is the just the acceleration.
Acceleration vs. time graph for 0 – \(\text{2}\) seconds
For the first \(\text{2}\) seconds the velocity vs. time graph is horizontal and has a value of zero, thus
it has a gradient of zero and there is no acceleration during this time. (This makes sense because we know
from the displacement time graph that the object is stationary during this time, so it can't be
accelerating).
Acceleration vs. time graph for \(\text{2}\) – \(\text{4}\) seconds
For the next \(\text{2}\) seconds the velocity vs. time graph has a positive gradient. This gradient is not
changing (i.e. its constant) throughout these \(\text{2}\) seconds so there must be a constant positive
acceleration.
Acceleration vs. time graph for \(\text{4}\) – \(\text{6}\) seconds
For the final \(\text{2}\) seconds the object is travelling with a constant velocity. During this time the
gradient of the velocity vs. time graph is once again zero, and thus the object is not accelerating. The
acceleration vs. time graph looks like this:
A description of the object's motion
A brief description of the motion of the object could read something like this: At \(t = \text{0}\text{
s}\) the object is stationary at some position and remains stationary until \(t = \text{2}\text{ s}\) when
it begins accelerating. It accelerates in a positive direction for \(\text{2}\) \(\text{s}\) until \(t =
\text{4}\text{ s}\) and then travels at a constant velocity for a further \(\text{2}\) \(\text{s}\).
Worked example 4: Calculations from a velocity vs. time graph
The velocity vs. time graph of a truck is plotted below. Calculate the distance and displacement of the
truck after \(\text{15}\) seconds.
Decide how to tackle the problem
We are asked to calculate the distance and displacement of the car. All we need to remember here is that we
can use the area between the velocity vs. time graph and the time axis to determine the distance and
displacement.
Determine the area under the velocity vs. time graph
Now the total displacement of the car is just the sum of all of these areas. HOWEVER, because in the last
second (from \(t = \text{14}\text{ s}\) to \(t = \text{15}\text{ s}\)) the velocity of the car is negative,
it means that the car was going in the opposite direction, i.e. back where it came from! So, to find the
total displacement, we have to add the first \(\text{3}\) areas (those with positive displacements) and
subtract the last one (because it is a displacement in the opposite direction).
For the last 3 seconds we can see that the displacement stays constant. The graph shows a horizontal line
and therefore the gradient is zero. Thus \(v = \text{0}\text{ m·s$^{-1}$}\).
Worked example 6: Drawing a \(v\) vs. \(t\) graph from an \(a\) vs. \(t\) graph
The acceleration vs. time graph for a car starting from rest, is given below. Calculate the velocity of the
car and hence draw the velocity vs. time graph.
Calculate the change in velocity values by using the area under each part of the graph.
The motion of the car can be divided into three time sections: \(\text{0}\) – \(\text{2}\) seconds;
\(\text{2}\) – \(\text{4}\) seconds and \(\text{4}\) – \(\text{6}\) seconds. To be
able to draw the velocity vs. time graph, the change in velocity for each time section needs to be
calculated. The change in velocity is equal to the area of the square under the graph:
For \(\text{0}\) – \(\text{2}\) seconds:
\begin{align*}
\Delta v = {\text{Area}}_{\square } & = l \times b \\
& = \text{2}\text{ s} \times \text{2}\text{ m·s$^{-2}$} \\
& = \text{4}\text{ m·s$^{-1}$}
\end{align*}
The change in velocity of the car from \(t = 0 \text{ s}\) to \(t = 2 \text{ s}\) is \(\text{4}\)
\(\text{m·s$^{-1}$}\).
For \(\text{2}\) – \(\text{4}\) seconds:
\begin{align*}
\Delta v = {\text{Area}}_{\square } & = l \times b \\
& = \text{2}\text{ s} \times \text{0}\text{ m·s$^{-2}$} \\
& = \text{0}\text{ m·s$^{-1}$}
\end{align*}
The change in velocity is \(\text{0}\) \(\text{m·s$^{-1}$}\) from \(t = \text{2}\text{ s}\) to \(t =
\text{4}\text{ s}\). In other words, the velocity remains constant during this time interval.
For \(\text{4}\) – \(\text{6}\) seconds:
\begin{align*}
\Delta v = {\text{Area}}_{\square } & = l \times b \\
& = \text{2}\text{ s} \times -\text{2}\text{ m·s$^{-2}$} \\
& = -\text{4}\text{ m·s$^{-1}$}
\end{align*}
The acceleration had a negative value, which means that the velocity decreased. It started with a velocity
of \(\text{4}\) \(\text{m·s$^{-1}$}\) at \(t = 4 \text{ s}\) and the velocity decreased by \(4 \text{
m·s$^{-1}$}\)
to give a final velocity of \(0 \text{ m·s$^{-1}$}\) at \(t = 6 \text{ s}\).
Now use the values to draw the velocity vs. time graph.
The velocity vs. time graph looks like this:
Graphs
Textbook Exercise 21.6
A car is parked \(\text{10}\) \(\text{m}\) from home for \(\text{10}\) minutes. Draw a
displacement-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time graphs for the motion. Label all the axes.
Solution not yet available
A bus travels at a constant velocity of \(\text{12}\) \(\text{m·s$^{-1}$}\) for \(\text{6}\)
seconds. Draw the displacement-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time graph for the motion. Label all
the axes.
Solution not yet available
An athlete runs with a constant acceleration of \(\text{1}\) \(\text{m·s$^{-2}$}\) for
\(\text{4}\) \(\text{s}\). Draw the acceleration-time, velocity-time and displacement time graphs for
the motion. Accurate values are only needed for the acceleration-time and velocity-time graphs.
Solution not yet available
The following velocity-time graph describes the motion of a car. Draw the displacement-time graph and
the acceleration-time graph and explain the motion of the car according to the three graphs.
Solution not yet available
The following velocity-time graph describes the motion of a truck. Draw the displacement-time graph and
the acceleration-time graph and explain the motion of the truck according to the three graphs.